Grapegrowers Face Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

Davis, Calif.—Weed resistance to herbicides is increasingly a concern in California vineyards; several weed species are reportedly resistant to the glyphosate-based herbicides commonly used in vineyards. Scientists at the Weed Research and Information Center (WRIC) at the University of California, Davis, are studying this key issue and requesting grower input via an online survey.

Herbicide resistance will be featured a topic at the annual Weed Day on the UC Davis campus July 14. Dr. Brad Hanson, cooperative extension weed specialist for vineyards and orchards in the Department of Plant Sciences, chairs Weed Day 2011. Hanson performs field research at UC Davis, at the UC Kearney Ag Center in Fresno County, and in cooperative projects with commercial growers. His research includes evaluating new and existing products for chemical weed control, herbicide-resistant weeds and assisting county farm advisors and growers with weed management strategies.

Hanson told Wines & Vines, “We’re seeing problems with glyphosate resistance, and I suspect we will see more.” Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Roundup, Touchdown and several other post-emergent or “contact” herbicides. It is normally sprayed on young, small weeds, acting as a “burn-down” agent on green tissue.

In vineyards, it is commonly used to control in-row, under-vine weed growth. Monsanto, producer of Roundup, lost its patent on glyphosate in 2000, opening the door for competing and more economical generic glyphosate products. Hanson explained, “The price has dropped for glyphosate herbicides, and they are generally considered to have low toxicity, so there are a lot of incentives for growers to use them.” Glyphosate is the most-used herbicide—both in California vineyards and worldwide—and it accounts for an estimated 41% by weight of all herbicide use in California crops.

Hanson produced a chart of California herbicide use reported in grapes for 2009, listing the top 10 herbicides by their active ingredients and the number of acres treated. These figures apply to all grapes (wine, table, raisin) planted statewide in 2009, a total of 786,000 acres.

Herbicides Used on California Grapes, 2009 Glyphosate Roundup 204,000 Glufosinate Rely 147,000 Oxyfluorfen Goal, Goaltender 59,000 Paraquat Gramoxone Inteon 49,000 Pendimethalin Prowl 48,000 Flumioxazin Chateau 44,000 2,4-D — 25,000 Oryzalin Surflan 23,000 Rimsulfuron Matrix, Mana 21,000 Trifluralin Treflan 11,000

Glyphosate-resistance has been found in California weeds including hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis), horseweed or mare’s tail (Conyza canadensis), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and junglerice (Echinochloa colona). Hanson said these weeds are more commonly found in the Central Valley, but hairy fleabane is also found in the North Coast and Central Coast. There is also concern about glyphosate resistance with barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halapense) and annual tall willowherb (Epilobium brachycarpum); the latter is now a problem in Napa Valley vineyards.

“A high proportion of vineyards are sprayed with glyphosate two or more times during the year,” Hanson said. He recommended rotating applications of herbicides with different modes of action (MOA) to increase efficacy and reduce the development of weed resistance such as using a glufosinate in place of a glyphosate application or using a pre-emergent in the fall. Using different cultural practices is another option. In the case of fleabane and horseweed, Hanson said, “These weeds don’t tolerate disturbance very well, so they would not likely be found where mechanical weed control is used. They are more often seen in untilled berms.” For general weed control practice, Hanson recommended, “People should scout their fields regularly to know what the weed problems are, to know if new weed species are emerging or if weed populations are shifting.” He added, “It’s common to see a flush of new growth after a rain event, and some weeds can emerge almost any time of year.” Hanson noted that it’s important to control weeds before they reproduce and add to the weed seed “bank” in the soil. Preventing the spread of weeds and seeds is another consideration. Practices now used to clean and sanitize vineyard equipment to prevent the spread of pests between vineyards could also be used to help prevent the spread of problem weeds. Survey seeks grower input Hanson is asking for input from grapegrowers in an online survey he launched this month as pa rt of a larger statewide project, “Evolution and Management of Herbicide Resistant Weeds.” He hopes to obtain information from 1,000 California growers, ag managers, PCAs, etc., who deal with weed management in vine and tree crops. Contribute to the web-based survey at ucanr.org/hrwsurvey; it will be open through February 2012. Results will help with future research directions and extension education programs regarding production inputs and management of weeds in perennial crops. Hanson observed, “The survey information will give us a good understanding of the perceived problems with resistance and will couple with the physical testing of weeds we are doing around the state.” Weed Day program Weed Day 2011 will include a morning field day program to look at research projects on campus and afternoon classroom sessions following lunch. Information and registration is at wric.ucdavis.edu/events/weed_day_2011.htm. Hanson said, “Weed Day also offers the opportunity for informal discussions with plant scientists, growers, PCAs and chemical product representatives for two-way interaction that can be very valuable.” Although the program covers a wide spectrum of weed-management issues for the gamut of agricultural crops and aquatic and rangeland environments, several sessions will be of interest for vineyard managers: • A demonstration on the effects of spray coverage and nozzle selection on contact herbicide efficacy. • Control of panicle willowherb in Napa Valley Vineyards by John Roncoroni, UC extension weed science farm advisor in Napa County. • Herbicide resistance: comparison of glyphosate resistance to other cases of resistance. • Investigating the mechanism of glyphosate-resistant junglerice. (Hanson said junglerice is beginning to be found in some Central Valley vineyards, and there is concern it could spread more widely.) Registered herbicide list Another Hanson project is annually updating and posting a chart of all current California-registered herbicides (based on the active chemical ingredient) for use in vine and tree crops. Hanson plans to update the list each fall and noted that updating is important. New products are constantly being tested for introduction, and older products sometimes lose their registration due to safety or environmental issues. See the current list, compiled in February 2011, here. The grape list has 12 pre-emergent herbicides and two others for use only in non-bearing vineyards. Ten post-emergent herbicides are on the list, and three others for use only in non-bearing vineyards. The list includes two organic post-emergents: d-limonene (GreenMatch), and clove oil (Matratec). WRIC resources and the Hanson blog The WRIC posts useful resources for growers on its website, including a list of UC weed scientists and farm advisor weed specialists throughout California, a database of weed susceptibility to herbicides and links to pages with information about specific weeds and control options. Another feature is an interactive “Weed Identification Tool.” This enables users to key in physical characteristics about a weed by answering a series of questions with choices; eventually they’ll arrive at the weed’s name, or a short list of weed names that fit the description. Photos confirm identification. Hanson stressed the importance of proper weed identification and pointed out, “Unknown weeds cannot be properly managed.” Weed publications and reference guides can be ordered through the website, including “Weeds of California and other Western States,” authored by WRIC director Joseph DiTomaso. Last year Hanson started a UC Weed Science blog that contains updates, discussions and links to articles on weed control, management and ecology. Access it at ucanr.org/blogs/UCD/WeedScience/, or through the WRIC website.

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